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国家优质产品评选条例

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国家优质产品评选条例

国家经委


国家优质产品评选条例
国家经委


(1987年3月28日国务院批准)


第一条 为鼓励工业企业提高产品质量,扩大出口,适应社会主义建设和人民生活的需要,特制定本条例。
第二条 国家设立国家优质产品奖,对达到国际先进水平的优质产品颁发国家优质产品奖证书和标有“优”字标志的奖牌。
第三条 国家经济委员会领导的国家质量奖审定委员会(以下简称审定委员会)负责国家优质产品的评选工作。
第四条 审定委员会根据国家经济发展方向和历年评选情况,确定本年度评选各类获奖产品项目的数字,并分配给国务院有关主管部门。
第五条 国家优质产品必须具备下列条件:
(一)产品的结构、性能先进,在国民经济中占有重要地位;
(二)企业按照具有国际先进水平的标准组织生产;
(三)产品质量经测试达到国际先进水平;
(四)产品已经批量生产,在能源、原材料消耗、“三废”(废水、废气、废渣,下同)处理和经济效益方面达到国内同行业先进水平;
(五)大中型企业计量定级标准,必须达到二级计量合格,小型企业计量定级标准,必须达到三级计量合格;
(六)企业已实行全面质量管理,并有健全的质量保证体系;
(七)产品已获得国务院主管部门和省、自治区、直辖市优质产品称号;
(八)出口产品应当具有较高的创汇能力。
第六条 企业对参加评选的产品必须按照下列要求提供有关文件:
(一)优质产品申报表中关于产品质量采用的标准达到国际先进水平的,必须经行业标准化机构审查确认;
(二)产品质量状况必须经国家级检测中心或者由行业主管部门指定的检测机构出具检测报告;
(三)产品的批量生产能力,能源、原材料消耗,“三废”处理,经济效益和创汇能力,必须经行业归口主管部门签署意见;
(四)生产企业产品质量保证体系的健全程度,必须有省、自治区、直辖市质量管理部门的审核意见;
(五)审定委员会要求提供的其他文件。
第七条 国务院有关主管部门推荐的属国务院产品归口主管部门管理的产品,应当先征得国务院产品归口主管部门同意,然后报审定委员会评选。
第八条 审定委员会对申报评选的产品,应当征求中国消费者协会、中国质量管理协会用户委员会等有关单位的意见。
第九条 审定委员会评选国家优质产品,应当严格遵循标准先进、评价科学、评选公正的原则。
审定委员会对获得国家优质产品奖的产品,颁发国家优质产品奖证书和标有“优”字标志的奖牌。
第十条 对评选的产品发生争议时,审定委员会应当进行复查。
第十一条 国家优质产品奖证书和奖牌的有效期为三年至五年,具体期限由审定委员会确定。
国家优质产品奖证书和奖牌的有效期期满后,未经复查确认或者重新评选获奖,不得沿用国家优质产品奖的称号。
第十二条 省、自治区、直辖市质量监督机构负责监督检查国家优质产品质量状况和标志使用情况。
第十三条 企业主管机关对获得国家优质产品奖的企业,应当优先供应能源、原材料和提供技术改造资金。
对国家优质产品的价格,按照国家有关规定实行优质优价。
第十四条 获得国家优质产品奖的企业,发生下列情况之一的,国家经济委员会或者国务院有关主管部门应当给予该企业内部通报、限期整顿、并自通报之日起停止该企业使用国家优质产品标志一年的处罚:
(一)经抽查发现产品质量下降的;
(二)用户反映产品质量不符合获奖标准,经查证属实的;
(三)出现产品质量事故的。
第十五条 获得国家优质产品奖的企业,发生下列情况之一的,国家经济委员会应当收回该企业的国家优质产品奖证书和标有“优”字标志的奖牌,并通报全国:
(一)经限期整顿后,产品质量仍达不到获奖标准的;
(二)在评选国家优质产品过程中弄虚作假的;
(三)转让、滥用国家优质产品标志的。
第十六条 除按照本条例规定评选国家优质产品以及按照国务院主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府规定评选的优质产品外,任何单位不得对工业产品授予优质产品的称号。
第十七条 参加评选工作的人员,必须坚持原则、严守秘密。
凡违反本条例规定的,有关主管部门可以根据情节轻重给予行政处分。
第十八条 本条例自1987年5月1日起施行。1979年6月30日国务院批准、国家经济委员会发布的《中华人民共和国优质产品奖励条例》同时废止。



1987年4月10日
无效婚姻辨析

孙随勤


  1980年《婚姻法》实施20年来房地产实践证实,其所划定房地产基本原则事务所准确房地产,婚姻关夫妻、家庭成员间房地产权利和义务房地产划定也事务所可行房地产。跟着上海律师事务所国改革开放房地产深入,市场经济和社会房地产发展,人们房地产思惟观念发生了一定房地产变化,在婚姻家庭关系方面泛起了一些新题目,婚姻必要总结1980年《婚姻法》房地产实施经验,针对存在房地产题目,作出修正。2001年4月28日经九届全国人大常委会第21次会议决定,颁布了修正后房地产《婚姻法》。笔者以为,修正后房地产《婚姻法》就1980年《婚姻法》来说一个显著房地产提高在于增设了无效婚姻轨制。那么什么事务所无效婚姻轨制?它在实践中如何运用呢?首先,上海律师事务所们来看一则关于无效婚姻房地产案例。



  原告吴某(1982年4月出生)与被告李某(1979年5月出生)于1999年4月经人先容相识并确定恋爱关系。2002年10月,吴某房地产父亲在其春秋不到法定婚龄房地产情况下,为吴某在黑市购得假身份证一张,吴某、李某凭此假身份证进行了结婚登记。随后,两人于2003年11月生一男孩。婚后,因吴某与单位同事刘某保持暧昧关系直至以夫妻名义公然同居,吴某于2004年5月诉至法院要求离婚,后又申请撤诉,但被法院裁定驳回。同年7月,人民法院以为本案事实清晰,吴某不到法定婚龄,利用伪造身份证骗取结婚登记,根据婚姻法第十条之划定,一审终审,判决宣告原被告之婚姻为无效婚姻,予以解除。



  由本案例中可以看出,无效婚姻轨制主要事务所针对违法婚姻而设立房地产一项轨制,主要目房地产在于杜绝违反社会公共利益房地产婚姻泛起,保障社会正常秩序,事务所上海律师事务所国婚姻法立法发展房地产提高。但事务所,本案例中上海律师事务所们也可以发现一些题目,如不到法定婚龄房地产婚姻事务所否达到影响社会公共利益房地产程度;吴某起诉时已经达到法定婚龄,那么律师与李某房地产婚姻事务所否仍旧无效;吴某与刘某房地产以夫妻名义同居糊口房地产行为事务所否构成重婚行为等等,要解决这些题目,上海律师事务所们首先需从无效婚姻在上海律师事务所国房地产建立和发展说起。



  所谓无效婚姻(Void Marriage),即不具婚姻法律效力房地产婚姻,事务所指男女两性房地产结合因违背了法律划定房地产结婚要件而不具婚姻法律效力房地产一种违法婚姻形式。无效婚姻轨制发源于古巴比伦王国房地产《汉穆拉比法典》1,其划定事先不决婚约而结婚者,其婚姻无效。到了近现代,各国立法都婚姻关于无效婚姻房地产划定,如:1970年美国州法律全国同一委员会通过房地产《同一结婚离婚法》(Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act)房地产第207-209条划定了婚姻无效轨制房地产主要方面;1971年,英国颁布了《婚姻无效法》(the Nullity of Marriage Act 1971),对长期以来教会法庭婚姻关婚姻无效房地产法律,作了全面改革,1973年又颁布了《婚姻诉讼法》(Matrimonial Causes Act 1973),事务所目前英国法院处理婚姻无效案件房地产法律依据;此外,意大利、俄罗斯、日本、瑞士、菲律宾等国都对无效婚姻作了划定。



  上海律师事务所国无效婚姻轨制房地产发展比之国外立法相对落后。新中国成立以后,1950年与1980年《婚姻法》均未明文划定无效婚姻轨制。1963年8月最高人民法院《关于贯彻民事政策几个题目房地产意见》(修正稿)首次提到无效婚姻,指出应"公布重婚关系无效"。而86年3月15日房地产《婚姻登记办法》中划定:"婚姻登记机关发现当事人婚姻违背婚姻法房地产行为,或在登记时弄虚作假,骗取结婚证房地产,应公布该婚姻无效,收回已骗取房地产结婚证,并对责任人给予批评教育。触犯刑律房地产,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。"94年房地产《婚姻登记治理条例》中虽初步确立起上海律师事务所国房地产无效婚姻轨制,但其划定婚姻无效也只能由婚姻登记机关依行政程序确认并宣告,而无法院确认和宣告婚姻无效房地产划定。所以,长期以来法院对于宣告婚姻无效房地产申请都不予受理,而根据1989年最高法院《关于如何认定夫妻感情破裂房地产若干意见》房地产划定,将一些不正当房地产婚姻或本属无效婚姻房地产情形都作为认定夫妻感情事务所否破裂房地产尺度,导致人民法院一直以来都将涉及无效婚姻房地产诉讼按离婚案件处理,不直接公布其无效。从若干年来房地产司法实践来看,这种立法模式无疑事务所极为不科学房地产:当事人对婚姻无效房地产题目只能向婚姻登记机关提出哀求,由婚姻登记机关做出处理;而实际上婚姻登记机关却仅婚姻对婚姻登记程序进行审查房地产能力,对于婚姻房地产实体题目则显得能力不足。所以这种立法不能婚姻效房地产制裁无效婚姻房地产过错方,也不利于保护无效婚姻中无过错一方当事人和子女房地产正当权益。



  2001年《婚姻法》在总结上海律师事务所国司法实践和鉴戒提高前辈国家相关立法经验房地产基础上,结合上海律师事务所国房地产实际情况新增了无效婚姻轨制,从而在上海律师事务所国《婚姻法》中正式确立起了无效婚姻轨制,事务所上海律师事务所国婚姻立法房地产巨大提高。从《婚姻法》第10条和第11条房地产划定可以看出上海律师事务所国无效婚姻轨制采取房地产事务所无效婚姻和可撤销婚姻轨制并行房地产双制度结构。同时,修定亲姻法还对无效婚姻和可撤销婚姻房地产效力、财产、子女及时效等题目做出了划定。并且在2001年《婚姻法》出台后,最高人民法院又接踵出台若干相关司法解释对哀求婚姻无效、可撤销房地产主体范围、合用程序等也做出划定使婚姻无效轨制更加系统、完善。



  但同时上海律师事务所们应该留意到固然上海律师事务所国婚姻立法在一定程度上吸取了民法轨制房地产精髓,也鉴戒了国外婚姻关这方面立法房地产经验,但因为立法时缺乏对无效婚姻轨制长期房地产司法实践经验,所以存在着不少房地产缺陷与不足。司法实践中也经常遇见立法思惟与实际情况分歧房地产情况。就本案例来说,便婚姻几个题目值得探讨。



  一、无效婚姻轨制房地产范围不够全面



上海律师事务所国《婚姻法》列举了:1、未达到法定婚龄房地产;2、重婚房地产;3、婚姻禁止结婚房地产支属关系房地产(当事人为直系血亲或三代以内房地产旁系血亲);4、当事人患婚姻医学上以为不应当结婚房地产疾病,婚后尚未治愈房地产情形作为婚姻无效房地产原因,但实践中违法婚姻房地产情形还良多,例如,上述案例中假如吴某不事务所由于不到法定春秋而制作假身份证骗取结婚证,而事务所其律师结婚登记中违背结婚程序,弄虚作假骗取结婚证房地产行为或目前泛起房地产同性恋婚姻等,笔者以为,也都应认定为无效婚姻。另外,相称一部门观点也以为,目前增加无效婚姻房地产法定情形事务所必要房地产。所以婚姻无效房地产法定情形中还应增加一项概括性房地产划定以囊括现实糊口中其律师可能导致婚姻无效房地产情形,即增加"其律师导致婚姻无效房地产情形房地产"作为上海律师事务所国《婚姻法》第十条第五项划定,以使上海律师事务所国《婚姻法》"无效婚姻轨制"范围更加全面。



二、本案中吴某事务所否构成重婚罪



第一种意见以为,吴某与李某房地产婚姻关系已被人民法院确以为无效婚姻,说明吴某至始不受与李某房地产婚姻约束,吴某与刘某以夫妻名义公然同居,不事务所重婚,吴某也不构成重婚罪。第二种观点以为,吴某与李某房地产结婚登记,在被婚姻关机关确认无效前,吴某应受其约束,吴某与刘某公然以夫妻名义同居,属于重婚,构成重婚罪。刑法第二百五十八条划定:"婚姻配偶而重婚房地产,或者明知律师人婚姻配偶而与之结婚房地产,处二年以下婚姻期徒刑或者拘役"。根据这一划定,吴某事务所否构成重婚罪,主要事务所看吴某与李某以夫妻名义公然同居时,李某事务所不事务所吴某房地产配偶。也就事务所说,吴某与李某房地产婚姻在被确认无效之前,事务所否发生法律效力。假如发生法律效力,刘某就事务所吴某房地产配偶,吴某构成重婚罪;假如不发生法律效力,刘某就不事务所吴某房地产配偶,吴某不构成重婚罪。



  吴某与李某房地产婚姻在被确认无效之前,事务所否发生法律效力?首先应该留意房地产事务所无效婚姻包括当然无效房地产婚姻与宣告无效房地产婚姻,当然无效婚姻无须经由法院宣告婚姻即为无效,宣告无效房地产婚姻必需经由法院宣告才能确定其无效,婚姻被宣告无效后为自始无效。上海律师事务所国《婚姻法解释(一)》第十三条指出,无效或可撤销婚姻在依法被宣告无效或被撤销时,才确定该婚姻自始不受法律保护。可见上海律师事务所国采用房地产事务所宣告无效婚姻而不事务所当然无效婚姻。所以吴某与李某房地产婚姻在被人民法院宣告无效前事务所不能确认其无效房地产,故应以为其婚姻效。其次,要看婚姻登记房地产性质。婚姻登记事务所婚姻登记机关依据相关法律对当事人房地产结婚行为予以认可,事务所一种行政许可。婚姻登记机关办理结婚证书房地产行为,属于行政行为。行政行为具婚姻确定力和拘束力房地产特点,即行政行为一经作出,就发生法律效力,非依法定程序不得随意变更或撤销,对相对人具婚姻约束力,相对人必需遵守和听从2。行政行为这一特点,说明婚姻登记机关准许吴某与李某登记结婚,并颁发结婚证,在没婚姻被婚姻关部分依法确认无效前,事务所发生法律效力房地产,对吴某与李某具婚姻约束力,从法律角度上讲,李某就事务所吴某房地产配偶。另外上海律师事务所国婚姻法划定房地产无效婚姻轨制事务所一种民事法律轨制,它只划定了婚姻无效之后房地产民事法律后果,调整房地产事务所当事人之间房地产身份关系,无效婚姻仅对当事人来讲,双方自始不具婚姻夫妻身份。而上海律师事务所国刑法划定房地产重婚罪,侵犯房地产客体事务所一夫一妻房地产婚姻轨制。所以,吴某与李某婚姻在被婚姻关部分确认无效前,又与刘某公然以夫妻名义同居,事务所对上海律师事务所国一夫一妻房地产婚姻轨制房地产公开挑战,属于重婚,构成重婚罪。

MERCHANT SHIPPING (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


MERCHANT SHIPPING (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 413)
 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
  
  ion
  
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  
  II    REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION
  egulations for the prevention and control of pollution
  enalty for taking detained ship to sea
  
  III   SHIPPING CASUALTIES INVOLVING A RISK OF POLLUTION
  pplication of Part III
  hipping casualties
  irections; right to recover in respect of unreasonable loss or
damage
  ffences in relation to section 6
  ervice of directions under section 6
  Enforcement of fines
  Saving of rights of action, etc.
  
  IV    SAVINGS, AMENDMENTS AND REPEALS
  Savings, amendments and repeals
  
  dule. (Omitted)
  
  rdinance to provide for the prevention and control of pollution 
from
  s and for incidental or related matters.
  January 1991] L. N. 14 of 1991
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Merchant Shipping 
(Prevention and
  rol of Pollution) Ordinance.
  nterpretation
  his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  trol" includes contain and reduce;
  ector" means the Director of Marine;
  charge" means any release, howsoever caused, from a ship and 
includes
  escape, disposal, spilling, leaking, pumping, emitting or 
emptying;
  does not include--
  dumping within the meaning of the Convention on the 
Prevention of
  ne Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter signed in
London on
  ovember 1972; or
  any release directly arising from the exploration, 
exploitation and
  ciated off-shore processing of sea-bed mineral resources; or
  any release for the purposes of legitimate scientific research 
into
  ution abatement or control;
  g Kong ship" means--
  a ship registered in Hong Kong; and
  a vessel required to be licensed under Part IV of the Shipping 
and
  Control Ordinance (Cap. 313);
  " means oil of any description and includes spirit produced from 
oil
  ny description and also includes coal tar;
  p" means a vessel of any type whatsoever operating in the 
marine
  ronment and includes a hydrofoil, hovercraft, submersible or 
floating
  t and a fixed or floating platform.
 PART II REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION
  
  egulations for the prevention and control of pollution
  In this section--
  vention" means the International Convention for the 
Prevention of
  ution from Ships (including its protocols, annexes and 
appendices)
  h constitutes Attachment 1 to the Final Act of the 
International
  erence on Marine Pollution signed in London on 2 November 
1973, as
  fied by any international agreement referred to in subsection (2)
(b)
  );
  tocol" means the Protocol (including the annex thereto) 
relating to
  Convention which constitutes Attachment 2 to the Final Act 
of the
  rnational Conference on Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention 
signed
  ondon on 17 February 1978, as modified by any international 
agreement
  rred to in subsection (2) (b) (iii); "substance other 
than oil"
  udes sewage and garbage of any kind.
  The Governor in Council may make regulations--
  relating to the prevention or control of pollution of the sea or
other
  rs by oil, or any substance other than oil, from ships; and
  for giving effect to--
  the Convention;
  the Protocol; and
  ) any other international agreement (whether made by 
resolution or
  rwise) which relates to the prevention or control of pollution
of the
  or other waters by oil, or any substance other than oil, from 
ships
  which applies to Hong Kong, including any agreement which
modifies any
  r such agreement.
  Regulations made under this section may be expressed to apply--
  to Hong Kong ships, wherever they may be; and
  to other ships while they are within the waters of Hong Kong.
  
  Regulations made under this section may provide that the 
regulations,
  ny provisions thereof, shall come into force on a date 
specified in
  regulations which is earlier than the date on which the 
international
  ement to which the regulations relate comes into force.
  Without limiting the generality of subsection (2), 
regulations made
  r this section may include provisions--
  for the approval of documents, the appointment of 
surveyors, the
  ying out of surveys and inspections and the rendering 
of other
  ices for the purposes of the regulations, whether in Hong 
Kong or
  where, and for the issue, duration, effect and 
recognition of
  ificates for those purposes;
  for the keeping, carriage and inspection of record books and 
other
  rds of operations involving oil, or any substance other than oil, 
on
  d ships;
  for the prohibition, regulation and control of the 
loading and
  iage on board ships, and the unloading or discharge from ships,
of oil
  ny substance other than oil and for procedures relating thereto;
  for the design and construction of, and the equipment and fittings 
on
  d, ships carrying oil or any substance other than oil;
  for the compulsory reporting of incidents involving pollution 
or the
  at of pollution for the purpose of giving effect to Protocol I
  visions concerning reports on incidents involving harmful 
substances)
  he Convention;
  for the payment of fees (whether prescribed under this Ordinance, 
the
  hant Shipping Ordinance (Cap. 281) or otherwise) in respect 
of any
  ey, inspection, certificate, service or other matter provided 
for by
  regulations;
  that contraventions of the regulations shall be offences
punishable by
  lties not exceeding--
  on conviction upon indictment, a fine of $5,000,000 and, in the 
case
  n individual, imprisonment for 2 years;
  on summary conviction, a fine of $500,000;
  that in the case of any such contravention an offence is committed
by-
  the master and the owner of the ship concerned; and
  where the contravention is due to the act or omission of 
another
  on, that person;
  for denying entry of any ship to the waters of Hong Kong in respect
of
  h any such contravention is believed to have occurred;
  for detaining any ship in respect of which any such 
contravention is
  eved to have occurred and for notifying the relevant consular
officer
  any) of the detention and of any proceedings against the ship;
and
  for the admission of prescribed or specified documents and 
certified
  es of documents as evidence in legal proceedings,
  the regulations may--
  make different provisions for different circumstances or in 
relation
  ifferent classes or descriptions of ships;
  provide for exemptions from any provisions of the 
regulations in
  ect of different classes or descriptions of ships;
  ) provide for the granting by the Director, on such terms (if any) 
as
  ay specify, of exemptions from any provisions of the 
regulations in
  ect of any ship, or class or description of ships, and 
for the
  ration or cancellation of any such exemption;
  provide for the approval by the Director of equivalent 
fittings,
  pment or procedures as alternatives to those prescribed;
  provide for the delegation of powers exercisable and 
functions
  ormable by virtue of the regulations;
  provide for the application of the regulations to the Crown; and
  ) include such incidental, supplemental and transitional
provisions as
  ar to the Governor in Council to be expedient for the purposes
of the
  lations.
  
  Any fees prescribed under this Ordinance--
  may be fixed at levels which provide for the recovery of 
expenditure
  rred or likely to be incurred by the Government or other authority 
in
  tion generally to the administration, regulation and control of 
Hong
  ships and of ports, ships and navigation in the waters of Hong 
Kong,
  shall not be limited by reference to the amount of 
administrative or
  r costs incurred or likely to be incurred in the provision 
of any
  icular service, facility or matter; and
  may, without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (a), be
fixed at
  erent amounts in relation to different sizes of ship, whether
measured
  onnage, length or otherwise, or in relation to different 
classes,
  s or descriptions of service, facility or ship.
  
  enalty for taking detained ship to sea
  Where a ship is authorized or ordered to be detained under
regulations
  under this Part, and after such detention or after service on 
the
  er of any notice of or order for such detention, the ship proceeds 
or
  mpts to proceed to sea before having been released by a 
competent
  ority, the master of the ship commits an offence and is liable 
to a
  of $500,000 and to imprisonment for 2 years; and if the 
owner or
  t or any person who sends the ship to sea is party or privy to 
the
  nce he also commits an offence and is liable to the same
punishment.
  Where a ship proceeds to sea in contravention of subsection (1)
whilst
  ng on board a public officer who is acting in the execution of 
his
  , the master and owner of the ship--
  in addition to any punishment to which they may be liable 
under
  ection (1), both commit an offence against this subsection 
and are
  liable to imprisonment for 6 months and to a fine of $20,000 and 
an
  tional fine of $1,000 for each day during the period from the date 
on
  h the ship proceeded to sea until the date on which the 
officer
  rns to Hong Kong or, if he does not return directly to Hong 
Kong,
  d have returned if he had travelled by the quickest practicable
route;
  
  are jointly and severally liable to pay to the Government all
expenses
  dental to the taking of the officer to sea and to securing his 
return
  ong Kong.
  Expenses referred to in subsection (2) (b) may be recovered as
if they
  a fine imposed by a magistrate.
 PART III SHIPPING CASUALTIES INVOLVING A RISK OF POLLUTION
  
  pplication of Part III
  Subject to subsections (2) and (3), this Part shall apply in 
relation
  ll ships whether within or outside the waters of Hong Kong.
  As respects a ship which--
  is not a Hong Kong ship; and
  is for the time being outside the waters of Hong Kong,
  power conferred on the governor by section 6 (2) to give 
directions
  only be exercised in relation to--
  an individual who is a British citizen, a British 
Dependent
  itories citizen, a British Overseas citizen or who under the Hong
Kong
  tish Nationality) Order 1986 (App. III, p. EG1) is a British
National
  rseas); or
  a body corporate which is established under the laws of Hong 
Kong,
  section 8 (2) shall apply to such an individual or body 
corporate
  .
  No direction under section 6 (2) shall apply to any vessel 
of Her
  sty's navy or to any ship not forming part of Her Majesty's navy
which
  ngs to Her Majesty or is held by any person on behalf of or for 
the
  fit of the Crown in right of Her Majesty's Government in the 
United
  dom or Her Majesty's Government in Hong Kong, and no action shall 
be
  n under section 6 (4) or (5) as respects any such vessel or ship.
  
  hipping casualties
  The powers conferred by this section may be exercised where--
  an accident has occurred to or in a ship; and
  in the opinion of the Governor--
  oil, or any substance other than oil, from the ship will or may 
cause
  ution on a large scale in Hong Kong or in the waters of Hong Kong;
  if the ship is one referred to in section 5 (2), the 
danger of
  ution is grave and imminent; and
  ) the exercise of the powers conferred by this section is 
urgently
  ed.
  For the purpose of preventing or reducing pollution, or the 
risk of
  ution, the Governor may give directions as respects the ship or 
its
  o--
  to the owner of the ship, or to any person in possession or control
of
  ship; or
  to the master of the ship; or
  to any salvor in possession of the ship, or to any person who is 
the
  ant or agent of any such salvor, and who is in charge of the 
relevant
  age operation.
  Directions under subsection (2) may require the person to whom 
they
  given to take, or refrain from taking, any action of 
any kind
  soever, and without limiting the generality of the 
foregoing the
  ctions may require--
  that the ship is to be, or is not to be, moved--
  to or from a specified place, area or locality;
  over a specified route; or
  that any oil or other cargo is to be, or is not to be, unloaded 
or
  harged; or
  that specified salvage measures are to be, or are not to be, taken.
  If in the opinion of the Governor the powers conferred by
subsection
  are, or have proved to be, inadequate for the purpose, the 
Governor
  for the purpose of preventing or reducing pollution, or the risk 
of
  ution, take, as respects the ship or its cargo, any action of any
kind
  soever, and without limiting the generality of the 
foregoing the
  rnor may--
  do anything he has power to require to be done by a direction 
under
  ection (2);
  cause operations to be undertaken for the sinking or 
destruction of
  ship, or any part of it, of a kind which is not within the means 
of
  person to whom he may give such a direction;
  cause operations to be undertaken which involve taking over
control of
  ship.
  The powers of the Governor under subsection (4) may also be 
exercised
  uch persons as may be authorized in that behalf by the Governor.
  A person concerned in complying with directions given, or in 
action
  n, under this section shall use his best endeavours to avoid risk 
to
  n life.
  Nothing in this section shall derogate from or affect any 
right or
  r of the Government existing apart from this section whether 
under
  rnational law or otherwise.
  
  Any action taken as respects a ship which is under arrest 
or as
  ects the cargo of such a ship, being action taken under a 
direction
  n under subsection (2), or under subsection (4) or (5)--
  does not constitute contempt of court; and
  shall not constitute a ground or cause of action in legal 
proceedings
  ituted against the Government.
  In this section--
  ident" includes the loss, stranding, abandonment of or damage 
to a
  ; "any substance other than oil" means--
  any substance specified in an order made under subsection (10);
and
  any other substance which is liable to create a hazard to 
human
  th, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage 
amenities or
  nterfere with other legitimate uses of the sea;
  cified", in relation to a direction under subsection (2), 
means
  ified in the direction.
  The Governor may, by order published in the Gazette, 
specify any
  tance for the purposes of the definition of "any substance other 
than
  in subsection (9).
  
  irections; right to recover in respect of unreasonable loss or
damage
  If any action taken under a direction under section 6 (2), or 
under
  ion 6 (4) or (5)--
  was not reasonably necessary to prevent or reduce pollution or,
as may
  ppropriate, the risk of pollution; or
  was such that the good it did or was  likely  to 
do  was
  roportionately less than the expense incurred, or damage suffered, 
as
  sult of the action,
  rson incurring expense or suffering damage as a result of the 
action,
  f himself having taken the action, shall be entitled to 
claim and
  ver compensation from the Government.
  In determining whether subsection (1) applies in a particular 
case,
  unt shall be taken of--
  the extent and risk of pollution if the action had not been taken;
  the likelihood of the action being effective; and
  the extent of the damage which has been caused by the action.
  Any reference in this section to the taking of any action 
includes a
  rence to a compliance with a direction not to take some 
specified
  on.
  ffences in relation to section 6
  A person to whom a direction is given under section 6 (2) who fails
to
  ly with any requirement of the direction, commits an offence.
  A person who wilfully obstructs any person who is--
  acting on behalf of the Governor in connection with the 
giving or
  ice of a direction under section 6 (2);
  acting in compliance with such a direction; or
  acting under subsection (4) or (5) of that section,
  its an offence.
  In proceedings for an offence under subsection (1), it shall 
be a
  nce for the accused to prove that--
  he used all due diligence to secure compliance with the direction;
or
  he had reasonable cause for believing that such compliance would 
have
  lved a serious risk to human life.
  A person who commits an offence under this section is liable-
-
  on conviction upon indictment, to a fine of $5,000,000;
  on summary conviction, to a fine of $500,000.
  ervice of directions under section 6
  If the Governor is satisfied that a company or other body
corporate is
  one to which section 338 or 356 of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 
32)
  ies so as to authorize the service of a direction on that body 
under
  er of those sections, he may give a direction under section 6 (2)--
  to that body, as the owner of, or the person in possession or 
control
  a ship, by serving the direction on the master of the ship; or
  to that body, as a salvor, by serving the direction on the person 
in
  ge of the salvage operations.
  For the purpose of giving or serving a direction under section 
6 (2)
  r on any person on a ship, a person acting on behalf of the 
Governor
  l have the right to go on board the ship.
  
  Enforcement of fines
  e a fine imposed in proceedings against the owner or master of
a ship
  an offence under this Part is not paid at the time ordered by 

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