无效婚姻辨析
孙随勤
1980年《婚姻法》实施20年来房地产实践证实,其所划定房地产基本原则事务所准确房地产,婚姻关夫妻、家庭成员间房地产权利和义务房地产划定也事务所可行房地产。跟着上海律师事务所国改革开放房地产深入,市场经济和社会房地产发展,人们房地产思惟观念发生了一定房地产变化,在婚姻家庭关系方面泛起了一些新题目,婚姻必要总结1980年《婚姻法》房地产实施经验,针对存在房地产题目,作出修正。2001年4月28日经九届全国人大常委会第21次会议决定,颁布了修正后房地产《婚姻法》。笔者以为,修正后房地产《婚姻法》就1980年《婚姻法》来说一个显著房地产提高在于增设了无效婚姻轨制。那么什么事务所无效婚姻轨制?它在实践中如何运用呢?首先,上海律师事务所们来看一则关于无效婚姻房地产案例。
原告吴某(1982年4月出生)与被告李某(1979年5月出生)于1999年4月经人先容相识并确定恋爱关系。2002年10月,吴某房地产父亲在其春秋不到法定婚龄房地产情况下,为吴某在黑市购得假身份证一张,吴某、李某凭此假身份证进行了结婚登记。随后,两人于2003年11月生一男孩。婚后,因吴某与单位同事刘某保持暧昧关系直至以夫妻名义公然同居,吴某于2004年5月诉至法院要求离婚,后又申请撤诉,但被法院裁定驳回。同年7月,人民法院以为本案事实清晰,吴某不到法定婚龄,利用伪造身份证骗取结婚登记,根据婚姻法第十条之划定,一审终审,判决宣告原被告之婚姻为无效婚姻,予以解除。
由本案例中可以看出,无效婚姻轨制主要事务所针对违法婚姻而设立房地产一项轨制,主要目房地产在于杜绝违反社会公共利益房地产婚姻泛起,保障社会正常秩序,事务所上海律师事务所国婚姻法立法发展房地产提高。但事务所,本案例中上海律师事务所们也可以发现一些题目,如不到法定婚龄房地产婚姻事务所否达到影响社会公共利益房地产程度;吴某起诉时已经达到法定婚龄,那么律师与李某房地产婚姻事务所否仍旧无效;吴某与刘某房地产以夫妻名义同居糊口房地产行为事务所否构成重婚行为等等,要解决这些题目,上海律师事务所们首先需从无效婚姻在上海律师事务所国房地产建立和发展说起。
所谓无效婚姻(Void Marriage),即不具婚姻法律效力房地产婚姻,事务所指男女两性房地产结合因违背了法律划定房地产结婚要件而不具婚姻法律效力房地产一种违法婚姻形式。无效婚姻轨制发源于古巴比伦王国房地产《汉穆拉比法典》1,其划定事先不决婚约而结婚者,其婚姻无效。到了近现代,各国立法都婚姻关于无效婚姻房地产划定,如:1970年美国州法律全国同一委员会通过房地产《同一结婚离婚法》(Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act)房地产第207-209条划定了婚姻无效轨制房地产主要方面;1971年,英国颁布了《婚姻无效法》(the Nullity of Marriage Act 1971),对长期以来教会法庭婚姻关婚姻无效房地产法律,作了全面改革,1973年又颁布了《婚姻诉讼法》(Matrimonial Causes Act 1973),事务所目前英国法院处理婚姻无效案件房地产法律依据;此外,意大利、俄罗斯、日本、瑞士、菲律宾等国都对无效婚姻作了划定。
上海律师事务所国无效婚姻轨制房地产发展比之国外立法相对落后。新中国成立以后,1950年与1980年《婚姻法》均未明文划定无效婚姻轨制。1963年8月最高人民法院《关于贯彻民事政策几个题目房地产意见》(修正稿)首次提到无效婚姻,指出应"公布重婚关系无效"。而86年3月15日房地产《婚姻登记办法》中划定:"婚姻登记机关发现当事人婚姻违背婚姻法房地产行为,或在登记时弄虚作假,骗取结婚证房地产,应公布该婚姻无效,收回已骗取房地产结婚证,并对责任人给予批评教育。触犯刑律房地产,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。"94年房地产《婚姻登记治理条例》中虽初步确立起上海律师事务所国房地产无效婚姻轨制,但其划定婚姻无效也只能由婚姻登记机关依行政程序确认并宣告,而无法院确认和宣告婚姻无效房地产划定。所以,长期以来法院对于宣告婚姻无效房地产申请都不予受理,而根据1989年最高法院《关于如何认定夫妻感情破裂房地产若干意见》房地产划定,将一些不正当房地产婚姻或本属无效婚姻房地产情形都作为认定夫妻感情事务所否破裂房地产尺度,导致人民法院一直以来都将涉及无效婚姻房地产诉讼按离婚案件处理,不直接公布其无效。从若干年来房地产司法实践来看,这种立法模式无疑事务所极为不科学房地产:当事人对婚姻无效房地产题目只能向婚姻登记机关提出哀求,由婚姻登记机关做出处理;而实际上婚姻登记机关却仅婚姻对婚姻登记程序进行审查房地产能力,对于婚姻房地产实体题目则显得能力不足。所以这种立法不能婚姻效房地产制裁无效婚姻房地产过错方,也不利于保护无效婚姻中无过错一方当事人和子女房地产正当权益。
2001年《婚姻法》在总结上海律师事务所国司法实践和鉴戒提高前辈国家相关立法经验房地产基础上,结合上海律师事务所国房地产实际情况新增了无效婚姻轨制,从而在上海律师事务所国《婚姻法》中正式确立起了无效婚姻轨制,事务所上海律师事务所国婚姻立法房地产巨大提高。从《婚姻法》第10条和第11条房地产划定可以看出上海律师事务所国无效婚姻轨制采取房地产事务所无效婚姻和可撤销婚姻轨制并行房地产双制度结构。同时,修定亲姻法还对无效婚姻和可撤销婚姻房地产效力、财产、子女及时效等题目做出了划定。并且在2001年《婚姻法》出台后,最高人民法院又接踵出台若干相关司法解释对哀求婚姻无效、可撤销房地产主体范围、合用程序等也做出划定使婚姻无效轨制更加系统、完善。
但同时上海律师事务所们应该留意到固然上海律师事务所国婚姻立法在一定程度上吸取了民法轨制房地产精髓,也鉴戒了国外婚姻关这方面立法房地产经验,但因为立法时缺乏对无效婚姻轨制长期房地产司法实践经验,所以存在着不少房地产缺陷与不足。司法实践中也经常遇见立法思惟与实际情况分歧房地产情况。就本案例来说,便婚姻几个题目值得探讨。
一、无效婚姻轨制房地产范围不够全面
上海律师事务所国《婚姻法》列举了:1、未达到法定婚龄房地产;2、重婚房地产;3、婚姻禁止结婚房地产支属关系房地产(当事人为直系血亲或三代以内房地产旁系血亲);4、当事人患婚姻医学上以为不应当结婚房地产疾病,婚后尚未治愈房地产情形作为婚姻无效房地产原因,但实践中违法婚姻房地产情形还良多,例如,上述案例中假如吴某不事务所由于不到法定春秋而制作假身份证骗取结婚证,而事务所其律师结婚登记中违背结婚程序,弄虚作假骗取结婚证房地产行为或目前泛起房地产同性恋婚姻等,笔者以为,也都应认定为无效婚姻。另外,相称一部门观点也以为,目前增加无效婚姻房地产法定情形事务所必要房地产。所以婚姻无效房地产法定情形中还应增加一项概括性房地产划定以囊括现实糊口中其律师可能导致婚姻无效房地产情形,即增加"其律师导致婚姻无效房地产情形房地产"作为上海律师事务所国《婚姻法》第十条第五项划定,以使上海律师事务所国《婚姻法》"无效婚姻轨制"范围更加全面。
二、本案中吴某事务所否构成重婚罪
第一种意见以为,吴某与李某房地产婚姻关系已被人民法院确以为无效婚姻,说明吴某至始不受与李某房地产婚姻约束,吴某与刘某以夫妻名义公然同居,不事务所重婚,吴某也不构成重婚罪。第二种观点以为,吴某与李某房地产结婚登记,在被婚姻关机关确认无效前,吴某应受其约束,吴某与刘某公然以夫妻名义同居,属于重婚,构成重婚罪。刑法第二百五十八条划定:"婚姻配偶而重婚房地产,或者明知律师人婚姻配偶而与之结婚房地产,处二年以下婚姻期徒刑或者拘役"。根据这一划定,吴某事务所否构成重婚罪,主要事务所看吴某与李某以夫妻名义公然同居时,李某事务所不事务所吴某房地产配偶。也就事务所说,吴某与李某房地产婚姻在被确认无效之前,事务所否发生法律效力。假如发生法律效力,刘某就事务所吴某房地产配偶,吴某构成重婚罪;假如不发生法律效力,刘某就不事务所吴某房地产配偶,吴某不构成重婚罪。
吴某与李某房地产婚姻在被确认无效之前,事务所否发生法律效力?首先应该留意房地产事务所无效婚姻包括当然无效房地产婚姻与宣告无效房地产婚姻,当然无效婚姻无须经由法院宣告婚姻即为无效,宣告无效房地产婚姻必需经由法院宣告才能确定其无效,婚姻被宣告无效后为自始无效。上海律师事务所国《婚姻法解释(一)》第十三条指出,无效或可撤销婚姻在依法被宣告无效或被撤销时,才确定该婚姻自始不受法律保护。可见上海律师事务所国采用房地产事务所宣告无效婚姻而不事务所当然无效婚姻。所以吴某与李某房地产婚姻在被人民法院宣告无效前事务所不能确认其无效房地产,故应以为其婚姻效。其次,要看婚姻登记房地产性质。婚姻登记事务所婚姻登记机关依据相关法律对当事人房地产结婚行为予以认可,事务所一种行政许可。婚姻登记机关办理结婚证书房地产行为,属于行政行为。行政行为具婚姻确定力和拘束力房地产特点,即行政行为一经作出,就发生法律效力,非依法定程序不得随意变更或撤销,对相对人具婚姻约束力,相对人必需遵守和听从2。行政行为这一特点,说明婚姻登记机关准许吴某与李某登记结婚,并颁发结婚证,在没婚姻被婚姻关部分依法确认无效前,事务所发生法律效力房地产,对吴某与李某具婚姻约束力,从法律角度上讲,李某就事务所吴某房地产配偶。另外上海律师事务所国婚姻法划定房地产无效婚姻轨制事务所一种民事法律轨制,它只划定了婚姻无效之后房地产民事法律后果,调整房地产事务所当事人之间房地产身份关系,无效婚姻仅对当事人来讲,双方自始不具婚姻夫妻身份。而上海律师事务所国刑法划定房地产重婚罪,侵犯房地产客体事务所一夫一妻房地产婚姻轨制。所以,吴某与李某婚姻在被婚姻关部分确认无效前,又与刘某公然以夫妻名义同居,事务所对上海律师事务所国一夫一妻房地产婚姻轨制房地产公开挑战,属于重婚,构成重婚罪。
MERCHANT SHIPPING (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ORDINANCE ——附加英文版
Hong Kong
MERCHANT SHIPPING (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 413)
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
ion
I PRELIMINARY
hort title
nterpretation
II REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION
egulations for the prevention and control of pollution
enalty for taking detained ship to sea
III SHIPPING CASUALTIES INVOLVING A RISK OF POLLUTION
pplication of Part III
hipping casualties
irections; right to recover in respect of unreasonable loss or
damage
ffences in relation to section 6
ervice of directions under section 6
Enforcement of fines
Saving of rights of action, etc.
IV SAVINGS, AMENDMENTS AND REPEALS
Savings, amendments and repeals
dule. (Omitted)
rdinance to provide for the prevention and control of pollution
from
s and for incidental or related matters.
January 1991] L. N. 14 of 1991
PART I PRELIMINARY
hort title
Ordinance may be cited as the Merchant Shipping
(Prevention and
rol of Pollution) Ordinance.
nterpretation
his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
trol" includes contain and reduce;
ector" means the Director of Marine;
charge" means any release, howsoever caused, from a ship and
includes
escape, disposal, spilling, leaking, pumping, emitting or
emptying;
does not include--
dumping within the meaning of the Convention on the
Prevention of
ne Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter signed in
London on
ovember 1972; or
any release directly arising from the exploration,
exploitation and
ciated off-shore processing of sea-bed mineral resources; or
any release for the purposes of legitimate scientific research
into
ution abatement or control;
g Kong ship" means--
a ship registered in Hong Kong; and
a vessel required to be licensed under Part IV of the Shipping
and
Control Ordinance (Cap. 313);
" means oil of any description and includes spirit produced from
oil
ny description and also includes coal tar;
p" means a vessel of any type whatsoever operating in the
marine
ronment and includes a hydrofoil, hovercraft, submersible or
floating
t and a fixed or floating platform.
PART II REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION
egulations for the prevention and control of pollution
In this section--
vention" means the International Convention for the
Prevention of
ution from Ships (including its protocols, annexes and
appendices)
h constitutes Attachment 1 to the Final Act of the
International
erence on Marine Pollution signed in London on 2 November
1973, as
fied by any international agreement referred to in subsection (2)
(b)
);
tocol" means the Protocol (including the annex thereto)
relating to
Convention which constitutes Attachment 2 to the Final Act
of the
rnational Conference on Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention
signed
ondon on 17 February 1978, as modified by any international
agreement
rred to in subsection (2) (b) (iii); "substance other
than oil"
udes sewage and garbage of any kind.
The Governor in Council may make regulations--
relating to the prevention or control of pollution of the sea or
other
rs by oil, or any substance other than oil, from ships; and
for giving effect to--
the Convention;
the Protocol; and
) any other international agreement (whether made by
resolution or
rwise) which relates to the prevention or control of pollution
of the
or other waters by oil, or any substance other than oil, from
ships
which applies to Hong Kong, including any agreement which
modifies any
r such agreement.
Regulations made under this section may be expressed to apply--
to Hong Kong ships, wherever they may be; and
to other ships while they are within the waters of Hong Kong.
Regulations made under this section may provide that the
regulations,
ny provisions thereof, shall come into force on a date
specified in
regulations which is earlier than the date on which the
international
ement to which the regulations relate comes into force.
Without limiting the generality of subsection (2),
regulations made
r this section may include provisions--
for the approval of documents, the appointment of
surveyors, the
ying out of surveys and inspections and the rendering
of other
ices for the purposes of the regulations, whether in Hong
Kong or
where, and for the issue, duration, effect and
recognition of
ificates for those purposes;
for the keeping, carriage and inspection of record books and
other
rds of operations involving oil, or any substance other than oil,
on
d ships;
for the prohibition, regulation and control of the
loading and
iage on board ships, and the unloading or discharge from ships,
of oil
ny substance other than oil and for procedures relating thereto;
for the design and construction of, and the equipment and fittings
on
d, ships carrying oil or any substance other than oil;
for the compulsory reporting of incidents involving pollution
or the
at of pollution for the purpose of giving effect to Protocol I
visions concerning reports on incidents involving harmful
substances)
he Convention;
for the payment of fees (whether prescribed under this Ordinance,
the
hant Shipping Ordinance (Cap. 281) or otherwise) in respect
of any
ey, inspection, certificate, service or other matter provided
for by
regulations;
that contraventions of the regulations shall be offences
punishable by
lties not exceeding--
on conviction upon indictment, a fine of $5,000,000 and, in the
case
n individual, imprisonment for 2 years;
on summary conviction, a fine of $500,000;
that in the case of any such contravention an offence is committed
by-
the master and the owner of the ship concerned; and
where the contravention is due to the act or omission of
another
on, that person;
for denying entry of any ship to the waters of Hong Kong in respect
of
h any such contravention is believed to have occurred;
for detaining any ship in respect of which any such
contravention is
eved to have occurred and for notifying the relevant consular
officer
any) of the detention and of any proceedings against the ship;
and
for the admission of prescribed or specified documents and
certified
es of documents as evidence in legal proceedings,
the regulations may--
make different provisions for different circumstances or in
relation
ifferent classes or descriptions of ships;
provide for exemptions from any provisions of the
regulations in
ect of different classes or descriptions of ships;
) provide for the granting by the Director, on such terms (if any)
as
ay specify, of exemptions from any provisions of the
regulations in
ect of any ship, or class or description of ships, and
for the
ration or cancellation of any such exemption;
provide for the approval by the Director of equivalent
fittings,
pment or procedures as alternatives to those prescribed;
provide for the delegation of powers exercisable and
functions
ormable by virtue of the regulations;
provide for the application of the regulations to the Crown; and
) include such incidental, supplemental and transitional
provisions as
ar to the Governor in Council to be expedient for the purposes
of the
lations.
Any fees prescribed under this Ordinance--
may be fixed at levels which provide for the recovery of
expenditure
rred or likely to be incurred by the Government or other authority
in
tion generally to the administration, regulation and control of
Hong
ships and of ports, ships and navigation in the waters of Hong
Kong,
shall not be limited by reference to the amount of
administrative or
r costs incurred or likely to be incurred in the provision
of any
icular service, facility or matter; and
may, without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (a), be
fixed at
erent amounts in relation to different sizes of ship, whether
measured
onnage, length or otherwise, or in relation to different
classes,
s or descriptions of service, facility or ship.
enalty for taking detained ship to sea
Where a ship is authorized or ordered to be detained under
regulations
under this Part, and after such detention or after service on
the
er of any notice of or order for such detention, the ship proceeds
or
mpts to proceed to sea before having been released by a
competent
ority, the master of the ship commits an offence and is liable
to a
of $500,000 and to imprisonment for 2 years; and if the
owner or
t or any person who sends the ship to sea is party or privy to
the
nce he also commits an offence and is liable to the same
punishment.
Where a ship proceeds to sea in contravention of subsection (1)
whilst
ng on board a public officer who is acting in the execution of
his
, the master and owner of the ship--
in addition to any punishment to which they may be liable
under
ection (1), both commit an offence against this subsection
and are
liable to imprisonment for 6 months and to a fine of $20,000 and
an
tional fine of $1,000 for each day during the period from the date
on
h the ship proceeded to sea until the date on which the
officer
rns to Hong Kong or, if he does not return directly to Hong
Kong,
d have returned if he had travelled by the quickest practicable
route;
are jointly and severally liable to pay to the Government all
expenses
dental to the taking of the officer to sea and to securing his
return
ong Kong.
Expenses referred to in subsection (2) (b) may be recovered as
if they
a fine imposed by a magistrate.
PART III SHIPPING CASUALTIES INVOLVING A RISK OF POLLUTION
pplication of Part III
Subject to subsections (2) and (3), this Part shall apply in
relation
ll ships whether within or outside the waters of Hong Kong.
As respects a ship which--
is not a Hong Kong ship; and
is for the time being outside the waters of Hong Kong,
power conferred on the governor by section 6 (2) to give
directions
only be exercised in relation to--
an individual who is a British citizen, a British
Dependent
itories citizen, a British Overseas citizen or who under the Hong
Kong
tish Nationality) Order 1986 (App. III, p. EG1) is a British
National
rseas); or
a body corporate which is established under the laws of Hong
Kong,
section 8 (2) shall apply to such an individual or body
corporate
.
No direction under section 6 (2) shall apply to any vessel
of Her
sty's navy or to any ship not forming part of Her Majesty's navy
which
ngs to Her Majesty or is held by any person on behalf of or for
the
fit of the Crown in right of Her Majesty's Government in the
United
dom or Her Majesty's Government in Hong Kong, and no action shall
be
n under section 6 (4) or (5) as respects any such vessel or ship.
hipping casualties
The powers conferred by this section may be exercised where--
an accident has occurred to or in a ship; and
in the opinion of the Governor--
oil, or any substance other than oil, from the ship will or may
cause
ution on a large scale in Hong Kong or in the waters of Hong Kong;
if the ship is one referred to in section 5 (2), the
danger of
ution is grave and imminent; and
) the exercise of the powers conferred by this section is
urgently
ed.
For the purpose of preventing or reducing pollution, or the
risk of
ution, the Governor may give directions as respects the ship or
its
o--
to the owner of the ship, or to any person in possession or control
of
ship; or
to the master of the ship; or
to any salvor in possession of the ship, or to any person who is
the
ant or agent of any such salvor, and who is in charge of the
relevant
age operation.
Directions under subsection (2) may require the person to whom
they
given to take, or refrain from taking, any action of
any kind
soever, and without limiting the generality of the
foregoing the
ctions may require--
that the ship is to be, or is not to be, moved--
to or from a specified place, area or locality;
over a specified route; or
that any oil or other cargo is to be, or is not to be, unloaded
or
harged; or
that specified salvage measures are to be, or are not to be, taken.
If in the opinion of the Governor the powers conferred by
subsection
are, or have proved to be, inadequate for the purpose, the
Governor
for the purpose of preventing or reducing pollution, or the risk
of
ution, take, as respects the ship or its cargo, any action of any
kind
soever, and without limiting the generality of the
foregoing the
rnor may--
do anything he has power to require to be done by a direction
under
ection (2);
cause operations to be undertaken for the sinking or
destruction of
ship, or any part of it, of a kind which is not within the means
of
person to whom he may give such a direction;
cause operations to be undertaken which involve taking over
control of
ship.
The powers of the Governor under subsection (4) may also be
exercised
uch persons as may be authorized in that behalf by the Governor.
A person concerned in complying with directions given, or in
action
n, under this section shall use his best endeavours to avoid risk
to
n life.
Nothing in this section shall derogate from or affect any
right or
r of the Government existing apart from this section whether
under
rnational law or otherwise.
Any action taken as respects a ship which is under arrest
or as
ects the cargo of such a ship, being action taken under a
direction
n under subsection (2), or under subsection (4) or (5)--
does not constitute contempt of court; and
shall not constitute a ground or cause of action in legal
proceedings
ituted against the Government.
In this section--
ident" includes the loss, stranding, abandonment of or damage
to a
; "any substance other than oil" means--
any substance specified in an order made under subsection (10);
and
any other substance which is liable to create a hazard to
human
th, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage
amenities or
nterfere with other legitimate uses of the sea;
cified", in relation to a direction under subsection (2),
means
ified in the direction.
The Governor may, by order published in the Gazette,
specify any
tance for the purposes of the definition of "any substance other
than
in subsection (9).
irections; right to recover in respect of unreasonable loss or
damage
If any action taken under a direction under section 6 (2), or
under
ion 6 (4) or (5)--
was not reasonably necessary to prevent or reduce pollution or,
as may
ppropriate, the risk of pollution; or
was such that the good it did or was likely to
do was
roportionately less than the expense incurred, or damage suffered,
as
sult of the action,
rson incurring expense or suffering damage as a result of the
action,
f himself having taken the action, shall be entitled to
claim and
ver compensation from the Government.
In determining whether subsection (1) applies in a particular
case,
unt shall be taken of--
the extent and risk of pollution if the action had not been taken;
the likelihood of the action being effective; and
the extent of the damage which has been caused by the action.
Any reference in this section to the taking of any action
includes a
rence to a compliance with a direction not to take some
specified
on.
ffences in relation to section 6
A person to whom a direction is given under section 6 (2) who fails
to
ly with any requirement of the direction, commits an offence.
A person who wilfully obstructs any person who is--
acting on behalf of the Governor in connection with the
giving or
ice of a direction under section 6 (2);
acting in compliance with such a direction; or
acting under subsection (4) or (5) of that section,
its an offence.
In proceedings for an offence under subsection (1), it shall
be a
nce for the accused to prove that--
he used all due diligence to secure compliance with the direction;
or
he had reasonable cause for believing that such compliance would
have
lved a serious risk to human life.
A person who commits an offence under this section is liable-
-
on conviction upon indictment, to a fine of $5,000,000;
on summary conviction, to a fine of $500,000.
ervice of directions under section 6
If the Governor is satisfied that a company or other body
corporate is
one to which section 338 or 356 of the Companies Ordinance (Cap.
32)
ies so as to authorize the service of a direction on that body
under
er of those sections, he may give a direction under section 6 (2)--
to that body, as the owner of, or the person in possession or
control
a ship, by serving the direction on the master of the ship; or
to that body, as a salvor, by serving the direction on the person
in
ge of the salvage operations.
For the purpose of giving or serving a direction under section
6 (2)
r on any person on a ship, a person acting on behalf of the
Governor
l have the right to go on board the ship.
Enforcement of fines
e a fine imposed in proceedings against the owner or master of
a ship
an offence under this Part is not paid at the time ordered by
不分页显示 总共2页 1 [2]
下一页